Species

Know your Kratom

Thailand's diverse ecosystems are home to a fascinating variety of flora, including the notable Mitragyna genus. As members of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), these tropical trees can reach heights of up to 40 meters. In Thailand, some trees—such as those found in Krabi Province—are estimated to be over 200 years old. The plant thrives in lowland, moist environments with rich soil and consistent water availability.

This article provides a respectful overview of the four Mitragyna species found in Thailand, focusing on their botanical and ecological roles without discussing internal use.

You will learn to identify M. speciosa, M. hirsuta, M. rotundifolia, and M. diversifolia based on their habitats, leaves, and other visual traits.

Understanding the Mitragyna Genus

Mitragyna trees are defined by their broad leaves, round flower clusters, and ability to thrive in humid, tropical environments. In Thailand, botanists have identified four native species:

• Mitragyna speciosa

• Mitragyna hirsuta

• Mitragyna rotundifolia

• Mitragyna diversifolia

Each species presents unique characteristics in its growth patterns and leaf morphology. Here is a brief introduction to each.

Mitragyna speciosa

Mitragyna speciosa is the most well-known species of the Mitragyna genus. It is identifiable by its large, smooth, and glossy leaves, which are typically 9–24 cm long and have prominent venation.

• Habitat: Prefers moist, lowland environments, often near bodies of water.

• Flowers: Produces spherical flower heads approximately 3–4 cm in diameter.

• Cultural Significance: The species is integrated into various cultural expressions, including art and rituals.

Mitragyna hirsuta

Mitragyna hirsuta is distinguished by its large, hairy leaves, which are tougher and more robust than other species. The leaves, which grow between 15 and 32.5 cm long, have a distinctly pubescent (hairy) surface.

• Habitat: It is commonly found in disturbed areas like forest edges and roadsides, showing resistance to heat and drought.

• Distribution: Widespread in northern and northeastern Thailand.

• Traditional Use: The leaves are occasionally incorporated into external body care preparations, such as herbal baths and scrubs.

Mitragyna rotundifolia

Mitragyna rotundifolia is recognized by its broad, rounded leaf shape, which gives it a distinct aesthetic. The leaves are lightly hairy, symmetrical, and measure between 15 and 36.5 cm in length.

• Habitat: Highly adaptable, it grows in diverse environments ranging from dry forests to wetlands.

• Distribution: Widely found in central and southern Thailand.

• Key Features: Its almost circular leaves, mid-size height, and compact flower clusters create a structurally balanced appearance.

Mitragyna diversifolia

Mitragyna diversifolia is the most variable of the four species, known for its wide range of leaf shapes and habitats. Its name, "diversifolia," directly translates to "diverse leaves," reflecting its key characteristic.

• Leaf Size: 5–14 cm long.

• Leaf Shape: Highly variable, from elliptic to pentagonal. The surface is mostly smooth with soft veins.

• Habitat: Extremely adaptable, found along field edges, in wetlands, and even in cultivated areas.

Key Constituents and Traditional Uses

Kratom leaves contain a diverse range of alkaloids—over 40 types have been identified. Among these, several alkaloids have been widely discussed in scientific research and traditional knowledge.

1. Mitragynine

The primary and most abundant alkaloid in kratom leaves. It is the main compound responsible for kratom’s characteristic chemical profile and is frequently referenced in pharmacological studies.

2. 7-Hydroxymitragynine

Present in smaller amounts but noted for its significant contribution to the plant’s overall biochemical properties.

3. Other Important Alkaloids

• Speciogynine

• Paynantheine

• Speciociliatine

These supporting alkaloids contribute to the plant’s natural chemical complexity.

Scientific Studies and Traditional Knowledge

Research involving animal studies, alongside long-standing traditional uses passed through generations in local communities, has highlighted several physiological interactions associated with kratom. These include:

1. Nervous System and Behavior

Some studies indicate that certain alkaloids may influence mood, mental state, or sleep patterns depending on usage and duration.

2. Appetite and Hydration

Traditional users have reported decreased appetite and thirst during kratom use.

3. Digestive System

Local wisdom has historically used kratom leaves to manage episodes of loose stools. Research supports that certain compounds may affect intestinal movement.

4. Muscular Effects

Traditionally, kratom has been used to reduce bodily fatigue. However, long-term use has been associated with muscle twitching in some individuals when discontinuing consumption.

5. Inflammation and Physical Discomfort

Certain biochemical pathways related to inflammation have been observed in laboratory studies.

Safety and Toxicology Information

In acute toxicity studies, the methanolic extracts and total alkaloid extracts of kratom leaves show an LD50 value of approximately 4.90 g per kilogram of body weight in animal models.

Reported effects from high or prolonged use may include:

• Elevated blood pressure

• Increased liver enzyme levels

• Higher triglyceride and cholesterol levels

These outcomes highlight the importance of cautious and informed use.

Conclusion

Kratom is a historically significant botanical native to Southeast Asia, with a rich ethnobotanical background and a diverse chemical composition. Its alkaloids continue to attract global scientific interest as researchers work to understand the plant’s full biochemical profile and its interactions with the human body.

Ongoing studies aim to deepen scientific understanding of kratom to support accurate, well-rounded knowledge for communities, researchers, and industries alike.

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